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The increasing of population and urbanization leads to find the renewable water source to meet the demand. Rainwater is one of the suitable source for water supply which helps to reduce the exploitation of groundwater and the limited of surface water. Rainwater has been used since thousand years ago. Some of these runoff systems include sewage.
When flooding occurs, all the pollutants can overwhelm local water sources, leading to environmental damage and potentially dangerous disease outbreaks. With rainwater harvesting, Austin homeowners can get a safe, clean source of water. With benefits to the environment and your wallet, it is definitely worth exploring. CALL: Whatever your requirements, Austex Sprinklers is here to help with all your rainwater harvesting needs. Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting.
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The secondary data were reviewed and relevant information was extracted to support the discussion and argument in this paper. In the next part, the results of data collection and analysis are presented and discussed. Due to the rapid population growth in HCMC growth rate of 4. In the city, only people in a few districts use rainwater in their daily life, e.
According to these results, only 7. Since the water bill accounts for a very small portion of the income of all groups, people have no motivation to use rainwater for reducing their monthly water expense. Regarding the main water source for their daily use, This is quite similar to the results identified by Ward et al. Although rainwater is accepted for use in some domestic purposes as presented above, the respondents give quite a negative evaluation of its quality.
In the survey, The remaining This can be explained by the instability of rainfall in HCMC see Figure 5 during a year in spite of its high total volume. It rains heavily from April to October with monthly rainfall of over mm.
In the dry season from November to May, monthly precipitation is under mm and the minimum rainfall is in January or February. Source: Southern Regional Hydro-meteorological Center. While rainwater is quite negatively evaluated by the respondents, as mentioned above, the main sources of water including piped water, well water, and bottled water received a more positive evaluation in terms of accessibility, quality, quantity, and stability see Figure 6.
Most respondents think their current water supply sources have already met their demands, both in terms of quantity and quality, and therefore, since they are satisfied with this, people rarely or never use rainwater for some domestic purposes. Nevertheless, there is a gap in citizens' knowledge about water quality and the scientific data. However, as presented above, the surveyed respondents think that rainwater is not safe enough for use while the piped water, well water, and bottled water are safe.
Regarding the non-users of rainwater, amounting to In addition, due to limited information about rainwater, Similar to the responses of the rainwater-user group, the economic aspect is not the major reason for the low use of rainwater.
In this non-user group, only In general, most surveyed respondents have not yet used rainwater for domestic purposes. Some even have no interest in it, due to several reasons, such as low and affordable water bill, sufficient water source, limited area of houses for storing rainwater, lack of information about quality of rainwater, and the unstable volume of rainfall in different seasons.
A number of people are even willing to increase their use of rainwater if there is a proper plan for it. However, for the non-user group, upon being asked if they would use rainwater in the future, For those who agree to use rainwater in the future This shows that people's perceptions about the future use of rainwater are not very positive Figure 7.
They also suggested that the city authorities should carry out some actions and policies regarding rainwater use, such as solving the air pollution problems as they think air pollution makes rainwater become dirty or implementing a large-scale harvesting system to control and treat the rainwater to ensure its quality. Based on the secondary sources and results of the questionnaire survey, this paper finds that although HCMC has a high volume of annual rainfall, the rainwater has not been widely used in the city, even as an alternative source of water, except in some suburban areas where people have limited access to the piped water system.
For both groups, users and non-users of rainwater, the water bill is not a factor that affects their choice of using rainwater or not. Second, the limited space in some houses does not allow people to store rainwater tanks. Third, the lack of scientific information leads people to misjudge the quality of rainwater, thus many people think that the rainwater is not qualified for use.
Fourth, from their point of view, people think that the unstable quantity of rainwater due to the infrequent rainfall in different seasons may be a source of inconvenience for them.
Last, the information about rainwater use is also limited, especially since there has been no significant incentive or trigger that encourages people to use rainwater.
Thus, they do not think about using it in the future. Nevertheless, the context of HCMC shows that there is an opportunity for using rainwater in the future due to two main reasons: first, even though the groundwater and surface water are sufficient, they are polluted; second, the city's pipe system is old and there is leakage, as discussed above, but there are financial challenges to renew the system.
In short, although RWH is not a necessary or urgent need for the city's citizens at the present time, it should be considered for domestic uses as one alternative water source, especially in the long term. In particular, the information on the quality and availability of rainwater for use should be disseminated to the city's citizens so that they know and can make their choice to use or not use rainwater depending on their preference or the investment affordability of the RWH system.
The lessons learnt from other countries such as Australia, the UK, Malaysia, India, and Brazil show that the use of rainwater should be enhanced by different actors: the government and the city citizens. In the case of HCMC, since the citizens do not have a positive perception of the use of rainwater yet, it is necessary to improve their understanding about the quality of rainwater and the benefits of using it for some domestic purposes.
Their awareness about saving water resources, protecting the environment, preventing floods, etc. All of these things can be done through different actions with the cooperation and support of other actors involved in the water sector.
For instance, the gap between the scientific information and citizens' understanding and awareness about rainwater use should be eliminated by providing sufficient information from the authorities and scientists through media, school education, or water-related events organized by the private or public sectors.
At the community level, it is necessary to have a plan or guidance in place to enable people to harvest rainwater properly, both in design and implementation. Increasing the use of rainwater can also be achieved by encouragement or incentivizing policies by the city government, and even through compulsory measures in some cases as the last option. They may also look for possible solutions for increasing the use of rainwater in the city to move towards the efficient use of natural resources and sustainable development.
Impact Factor 1.
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